The recent (2005) news on the Russian space program was clearly mixed. According to Space News, 17 countries' European Space Agency (ESA) refuses to join Russia's $ 600,000 two-year clipper manned and winged spacecraft program, NASA's squared
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The recent (2005) news on the Russian space program was clearly mixed. According to Space News, 17 countries' European Space Agency (ESA) refuses to join Russia's $ 600,000 two-year clipper manned and winged spacecraft program, NASA's squared
With an $ 800 million anual budget, the Federal Space Agency of Russia has sought to minimize the importance of this surprising shift. At a press conference, Nikolai Sevastiyanov, president of Russia's aerospace contractor RSC-Energia, said: "We have this space tag called" Parom to support the International Space Station (ISS) once it is complete. " Pulls the clipper to the ISS.
But this is not true. The clipper-a combination of crew and cargo vehicles-is at the center of Russia's new attempt to land crafts on the moon and on Mars.
The clipper is a decade of research, development and geopolitical steering, including many other elements.
Consider "Volga". This is the name of a new liquid fuel recoverable and reusable (up to 50 times) booster rocket engine. It is a consortium of two Russian missile makers that includes the French, German, and Swedish Aerospace companies. European Space Agency-ESA plans to invest more than 110-15 years with this new toy. This is a tiny sum of the $ 80 billion market.
Russian rockets like Soyuz U and Tsiklon hit satellites into orbit for decades now, not only for the Russian Ministry of Defense, their former exclusive client but such Gonets D1 ("The Courier") Or "Messenger", and other commercial loads such as communications satellites gradually chasing their military observations, navigation, and communications brothers A single strategic rocket unit has won over 100 in 1997-9 One million 1997 from the commercial launch between, report "Kommersant", Russian business daily.
Still, many civilian satellites are not much more than deprived military bodices. Commercial operators and Rosaviakosmos (NASA, Russia) are reporting to the newly established (June 2001) Russian army space force. Technology gained in joint efforts with the West will be immediately transferred to the military.
Russia is worried by American lead in space. According to the United States, space.com has satellites to 600 of the 100 (mostly outdated) birds of Russia. The resurgence of the United States will catch up with Russia due to the anti-missile shield and the impending, one-sided, inevitable US withdrawal from the anti-ballistic missile treaty
Despite the well publicized frustration-such as a sinister crash in Baikonur in Kazakhstan in 1999-the launcher of Russia has the most reliable high launch of the Fifty-Seven of the 59 launch attempts last year. By comparison, in 1963 we met the same happy destiny out of only 55 70 launch attempts.
Aerospace multinational companies in the United States work closely with Rosaviakosmos. Boeing held a design office, such as the Russian Monitor Joint Project, developed the Pad Sea and launched the International Space Station (ISS), which employs hundreds of Russian experts both inside and outside Russia.
There are also new collaborations with European aviation defense and space (EADS) companies and Arianespace, a group in France. The general launch pad is taking shape at Kourou and Soyuz is now co-owned by Russians and Europeans through Star Sem, a joint venture. Russia will also participate in the dormant European RLV (Reusable Rocket) project so far.
The EU decision will require close cooperation with Russia to give "Galileo" to go ahead at the 2002 Barcelona Summit. "Galileo" is the equivalent of $ 300 million Europe for satellite GPS networks. It hires Russian technology, Russian launch facilities and Russian engineers.
This collaboration can well revitalize the drowning space program, with the injection of Russia more than $ 200 million more than the next decade and hence poor.
However, the United States and Europe are not alone at the Russian entrance.
Stratfor, a strategic forecasting company, reported on the agreement signed in January 2001 between the Australian Ministry of Industry, Science and Resources and the Russian Aerospace Agency. The exclusive right for an Australian company is Russia outside the Russian auroral rocket of eaves. Return to Russia for access to flight launch sites at Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. This is a direct blow to competitors such as India, Korea, Japan, China, Brazil and so on.
Russia's launch technology is very advanced and inexpensive, and is based on existing military R & D. A geostationary satellite rocket (GSLV) with problems in India has been reported in Stratofall based on Russian technology. Looking for many private satellite start companies such as Australia, Russia's goods can not be collected. Russia, unlike the United States, has no restrictions on the types of loads launched into space by rockets.
Still, launch technology is a simple matter. Until 1995, Russia, despite its exhausted budget (below Brazil), started more loads each year than the rest of the world. However, Russia's space shuttle program Energia-Buran was the last big investment in research and development. Perhaps as a result, Russia failed to achieve at the end of the $ 6.6 million ISS negotiations with NASA. This will cost NASA more than $ 300 million in replanning.
The International Space Station (ISS), a residential area with the codename "Zvezda", launched two years later and failed to meet the hassle quality standards of the Americans. It is protected from loud and inadequate meteorites and reported "economists". Russia continued to supply astronauts, and just launched a progress M1-8 cargo ship from Baikonur with 1.4 tons of food, fuel, water, oxygen.
The dark side of the Russian space industry is its sale of missile technology to failure and fraudulent states all over the world.
Timothy * McCarthy and Victor Mizin wrote at the United States Non-Profit Research Center "International Herald Tribune 2001:
[Present US policy] leaves unresolved key structural issues contributing to illegal sales: overproduction in Russia's missile and space industries .. May the injury industry [Russia] follow It will be legitimate dollar rubles or euros. [Miniaturization] and restructuring should be the majority of initiatives to stop selling "overproduction" to those Russian missile companies should not have "
The official space industry has little choice to resort to missile spread for its survival. Russia's domestic market is inefficient, technically set back, and there is a shortage of venture capital. Therefore, we can not promote innovation and reward innovation in the space industry. Its largest clients-agencies with government and budget funds-rarely pay, or pay late. The prices of space related services do not reflect the reality of the market.
According to a comprehensive survey of the Russian space industry in fas.org, investment in the exchange of capital assets deteriorated from 9 percent to 0.5 percent in 1998 in 1994. In the same period, the cost of materials increased 382 times, the cost of hardware services increased 172 times, and the cost of labor increased 82 times. The average salary of the space industry, which has become a multiple of Russia's average wage, is now below that. The brain drain obtained was catastrophic. Over 35% of all workers left-and over half of all professionals.
Private companies, however, are doing a bit better. A Russian company announced in May 2002 a reusable vehicle for space travel. Ticket Price-$ 100,000 for a 3 minute trip. One hundred tickets have already been sold. The mockup was released to the public at a Russian air base.
Kazakhstan is nothing more than a convenient launch pad, in contrast to having a big impact on Russia. It reluctantly rents Baikonur, its main site, to Russia for $ 115 million a year. Russia pays later, reports an accident later and pollutes the area frequently. Baikonur is one of several private launch sites (Kapustin Yar, Plesetsk). It should be abandoned by Russia in favor of the new (1997) site Svobodny.
Kazakh-expressed interest in the Ukrainian carrier rocket, Sodruzhestvo Kazakh Kazakh Kazakh. It is budgeted for things in Russia-Kazakhstan space plan budget 2000-2005. However, both Russians and Ukrainians were unable to cough the necessary funds and the project was put on hold indefinitely.
Umirzak Sultangazin, head of Kazakh Institute for Space Research, accused in an interview last year when he was awarded to Russian "Karavan":
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